Because of the typical spacing of the resonances, these frequencies are mostly limited to integer multiples, or harmonics, of the lowest frequency, and such multiples form the harmonic series. Interaction with the surrounding air causes audible sound waves, which travel away from the instrument. At the frequencies of each vibrating mode, waves travel in both directions along the string or air column, reinforcing and canceling each other to form standing waves. Pitched musical instruments are often based on an acoustic resonator such as a string or a column of air, which oscillates at numerous modes simultaneously. The location of the nodes (red dots) can be used to define equivalent strings (on the right) with 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 of the length of the original strings, having the same frequency.Ī harmonic series (also overtone series) is the sequence of frequencies, musical tones, or pure tones in which each frequency is an integer multiple of a fundamental. Harmonics of a vibrating string, showing how the frequency of each harmonic is related to integer multiples of the fundamental frequency f.
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